Grammar in Use 笔记

主要的时态

• past(I did)
• present continuous(I am doing)
• present simple(I do)
• past simple(I did)
• past continuous(I was doing)
• present perfect(I have done)
• present perfect continuous(I have been doing),强调从过去到现在的一个过程.
• present perfect simple
• past perfect(I had done)

• past perfect continuous(I had been doing)

• anybody 要用单数形式修饰:Is anybody listening to the radio or can I turn it off?

  • Is anybody sitting here?
• The train is never late,it always leaves on time.
• be always doing sth. 一般情况下,用I always do sth.表示自己一直做什么事,be always doing sth.表示并不每次发生,但是发生的次数比正常的要多.
  • You're always watching television.You should do something more active.
  • I've lost my key again.I'm always losing things.
• This room smells.Let's open a window.
• It(this) is the first time somebody has done sth.
  • It's the first time he has driven a car.
• How long have you (been)...
  • How long have they been married?
  • But we use simple with always: John has always lived in London.
  • We use present perfect simple in negative sentences:
    • I haven't seen Tom since Monday.
    • Jane hasn't phoned me for two weeks.
• Have you had had a holiday recently?
• 想问别人时间的时候可以说:
  1. Do you have the time?
  2. Have you got the time?
• have 和 have got 都可以用来表示有,但是在过去式中,用had(不用had got).
• used to
  1. "Something used to happen" = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.
     • I used to play tennis a lot but I don't play often now.
     • Diane used to travel a lot.These days she doesn't go away so often.
  2. We also use used to ... for somethins was true .
     • I've started drinking coffee recently.I never used to like it before.
     • Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.
  3. used to 的疑问形式为did (you) use to ...
     • Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
• be used to doing sth.习惯于某事
• I am used to living alone.
• I am doing sth.可以用于表示未来已经安排好的事情.
  • Alex is getting married next month.(不要用 will get)
• Present simple(I do) with a future meaning:we use the present simple when we talk about timetables,programmes etc.(for example,for public transport,cinemas etc):
  • The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.
  • What time does the film begin?

如果一个人的计划订的像时间表,也可以用一般现在时:

• I start my new job on Monday.
• What time do you finish work tomorrow?

但是描述个人安排时,进行时更常见:

• What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow?

• be doing 和 be going to do表示未来的差别

  • We normally use I am doing(present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do.
    • I'm leaving tomorrow.I've got my plane ticket.
  • 'I am going to do ' = I've decided to do it(but perhaps not arranged to do it);
    • 'The windows are dirty.' 'Yes, I know.I'am going to clean them later.'(=I've decided to clean them but I haven't arranged to clean them).
• was going to (do something)= I intended to do it but didn't do it.
• Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do.We often use will in those situations:
  1. Offering to do sth.
     • That bag looks very heavy.I will help with it.
  2. Agreeing to dong something.
     • A:You know that book I lent you.Can I have it back if you've finished with it? B:Of course.I'll give it to you this after noon.
  3. Promising to do sth.
     • I won't tell anyone what happend.I promise.
  4. Asking somebody to do sth.(Will you ...?)
     • Will you please be quiet?I'm trying to concentrate.

不规则动词

常用不规则动词和音标